Cannabis (marijuana) is the most widely produced plant-based illicit drug worldwide and the illegal drug most frequently used in Europe. Its use increased in almost all EU countries during the 1990s, in particular among young people, including school students. Cannabis use is highest among 15- to 24-year-olds, with lifetime prevalence ranging for most countries from 20-40% (EMCDDA 2006).
Recently there has been a new surge in the level of concern about potential social and health outcomes of cannabis use, although the available evidence still does not provide a clear-cut understanding of the issues. Intensive cannabis use is correlated with non-drug-specific mental problems, but the question of co-morbidity is intertwined with the questions of cause and effect (EMCDDA 2006). Prevention is of importance in adolescents, which is underlined by evidence that early-onset cannabis-users (pre- to mid-adolescence) have a significantly higher risk of developing drug problems, including dependence (Von Sydow et al., 2002; Chen et al., 2005).
The illegal status and wide-spread use of cannabis made basic and clinical cannabis research difficult in the past decades; on the other hand, it has stimulated efforts to identify the psychoactive constituents of cannabis. As a consequence, the endocannabinoid system was discovered, which was shown to be involved in most physiological systems -- the nervous, the cardiovascular, the reproductive, the immune system, to mention a few.
One of the main roles of endocannabinoids is neuroprotection, but over the last decade they have been found to affect a long list of processes, from anxiety, depression, cancer development, vasodilatation to bone formation and even pregnancy (Panikashvili et al., 2001; Pachter et al., 2006).
Cannabinoids and endocannabinoids are supposed to represent a medicinal treasure trove which waits to be discovered.
What is the endocannabinoid system?
In the 1960s the constituent of the cannabis plant was discovered -- named tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC -- which causes the 'high' produced by it (Gaoni & Mechoulam, 1964). Thousands of publications have since appeared on THC. Today it is even used as a therapeutic drug against nausea and for enhancing appetite, and, surprisingly, has not become an illicit drug -- apparently cannabis users prefer the plant-based marijuana and hashish.
Two decades later it was found that THC binds to specific receptors in the brain and the periphery and this interaction initiates a cascade of biological processes leading to the well known marijuana effects. It was assumed that a cannabinoid receptor is not formed for the sake of a plant constituent (that by a strange quirk of nature binds to it), but for endogenous brain constituents and that these putative 'signaling' constituents together with the cannabinoid receptors are part of a new biochemical system in the human body, which may affect various physiological actions. In trying to identify these unknown putative signaling molecules, our research group in the 1990s was successful in isolating 2 such endogenous 'cannabinoid' components -- one from the brain, named anandamide (from the word ??ananda, meaning ??supreme joy?? in Sanscrit), and another one from the intestines named 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) (Devane et al., 1992; Mechoulam et al., 1995).
Neuroprotection
The major endocannabinoid (2-AG) has been identified both in the central nervous system and in the periphery. Stressful stimuli -- traumatic brain injury (TBI) for example -- enhance brain 2-AG levels in mice. 2-AG, both of endogenous and exogenous origin, has been shown to be neuroprotective in closed head injury, ischemia and excitotoxicity in mice. These effects may derive from the ability of cannabinoids to act through a variety of biochemical mechanisms. 2-AG also helps repair the blood brain barrier after TBI. The endocannabinoids act via specific cannabinoid receptors, of which the CB1 receptors are most abundant in the central nervous system. Mice whose CB1 receptors are knocked out display slower functional recovery after TBI and do not respond to treatment with 2-AG. Over the last few years several groups have noted that CB2 receptors are also formed in the brain, particularly as a reaction to numerous neurological diseases, and are apparently activated by the endocannabinoids as a protective mechanism.
Through evolution the mammalian body has developed various systems to guard against damage that may be caused by external attacks. Thus, it has an immune system, whose main role is to protect against protein attacks (microbes, parasites for example) and to reduce the damage caused by them. Analogous biological protective systems have also been developed against non-protein attacks, although they are much less well known than the immune system. Over the last few years the research group of Esther Shohami in collaboration with our group showed that the endocannabinoid system, through various biological routes, lowers the damage caused by brain trauma. Thus, it helps to attenuate the brain edema and the neurological injuries caused by it (Panikashvili et al., 2001; Panikashvili et al., 2006).
Clinical importance
Furthermore it is assumed that the endocannabinoid system may be involved in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy, a neuropsychiatric syndrome induced by fulminant hepatic failure. Indeed in an animal model the brain levels of 2-AG were found to be elevated. Administration of 2-AG improved a neurological score, activity and cognitive function (Avraham et al., 2006). Activation of the CB2 receptor by a selective agonist also improved the neurological score. The authors concluded that the endocannabinoid system may play an important role in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. Modulation of this system either by exogenous agonists specific for the CB2 receptors or possibly also by antagonists to the CB1 receptors may have therapeutic potential. The endocannabinoid system generally is involved in the protective reaction of the mammalian body to a long list of neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Thus, there is hope for novel therapeutic opportunities.
Numerous additional endocannabinoids -- especially various fatty acid ethanolamides and glycerol esters -- are known today and regarded as members of a large ??endocannabinoid family??. Endogenous cannabinoids, the cannabinoid receptors and various enzymes that are involved in their syntheses and degradations comprise the endocannabinoid system.
The endocannabinoid system acts as a guardian against various attacks on the mammalian body.
Conclusion
The above described research concerning the endocannabinoid-system is of importance in both basic science and in therapeutics:
* The discovery of the cannabis plant active constituent has helped advance our understanding of cannabis use and its effects.
* The discovery of the endocannabinoids has been of central importance in establishing the existence of a new biochemical system and its physiological roles -- in particular in neuroprotection.
* These discoveries have opened the door for the development of novel types of drugs, such as THC for the treatment of nausea and for enhancing appetite in cachectic patients.
* The endocannabinoid system is involved in the protective reaction of the mammalian body to a long list of neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease which raises hope for novel therapeutic opportunities for these diseases.
References
Avraham Y, Israeli E, Gabbay E, et al. Endocannabinoids affect neurological and cognitive function in thioacetamide-induced hepatic encephalopathy in mice. Neurobiology of Disease 2006;21:237-245
Chen CY, O??Brien MS, Anthony JC. Who becomes cannabis dependent soon after onset of use" Epidemiological evidence from the United States: 2000-2001. Drug and alcohol dependence 2005;79:11-22
Devane WA, Hanus L, Breuer A, et al. Isolation and structure of a brain constituent that binds to the cannabinoid receptor. Science 1992;258:1946-1949
[EMCDDA 2006] European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. The state of the drugs problem in Europe. Annual Report 2006 (emcdda.europa.eu)
Gaoni Y, Mechoulam R. Isolation, structure and partial synthesis of an active constituent of hashish. J Amer Chem Soc 1964;86:1646-1647
Journal Interview 85: Conversation with Raphael Mechoulam. Addiction 2007;102:887-893
Mechoulam R, Ben-Shabat S, Hanus L, et al. Identification of an endogenous 2-monoglyceride, present in canine gut, that binds to cannabinoid receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 1995;50:83-90
Mechoulam R, Panikashvili D, Shohami E. Cannabinoids and brain injury. Trends Mol Med 2002;8:58-61
Pachter P, Batkai S, Kunos G. The endocannabinoid system as an emerging target of pharmacotherapy. Pharmacol Rev 2006;58:389-462
Panikashvili D, Simeonidou C, Ben-Shabat S, et al. An endogenous cannabinoid (2-AG) is neuroprotective after brain injury. Nature 2001;413:527-531
Panikashvili D, Shein NA, Mechoulam R, et al. The endocannabinoid 2-AG protects the blood brain barrier after closed head injury and inhibits mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Neurobiol Disease 2006;22:257-264
Von Sydow K, Lieb R, Pfister H, et al. What predicts incident use of cannabis and progression to abuse and dependence" A 4-year prospective examination of risk factors in a community sample of adolescents and young adults. Drug and alcohol dependence 2002;68:49-64
Source: Professor Raphael Mechoulam
European College of Neuropsychopharmacology
пятница, 20 мая 2011 г.
Increased Risk For Alcohol Problems In Adulthood When Alcohol Consumed Before 15 Years Of Age
It may seem like a minor point, but it matters when someone takes their first drink of alcohol relative to later development of alcohol problems. A new study of the relationship between age at first drink (AFD) and the risk of developing alcohol-use disorders (AUDs) during adulthood has found that the risk is greatest when AFD occurs before the age of 15.
Results will be published in the December issue of Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research and are currently available at Early View.
"Some early drinkers become alcohol dependent while still in their teens, a time when those who have not yet started drinking are not even at risk of becoming dependent." explained Deborah A. Dawson, staff scientist at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) and corresponding author for the study. "By looking at adult-onset dependence, we can see for the first time that the association between early AFD and increased AUD risk ??¦ is not time limited, but rather persists into adulthood."
"In addition," said Howard B. Moss, associate director for Clinical and Translational Research at NIAAA, "this study controls for a variety of individual risk factors that could contribute to both early drinking behavior and later alcohol problems."
Researchers analyzed data from a three-year longitudinal study of U.S. drinkers 18 years of age and older at baseline (n=22,316). They examined associations between three groups of AFD - younger than 15, between 15 and 17, and 18 years of age or older - and first incidence of alcohol dependence, abuse, and specific AUD criteria as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition. They also controlled for duration of exposure, family history and a wide range of baseline and childhood risk factors.
"The key finding of this study was that people who started drinking before age 15, and to a lesser extent those who started drinking at ages 15 to 17, were more likely to become alcohol dependent as adults than people who waited until 18 or older to start drinking," said Dawson. "Past studies have often suggested that this association might result from common risk factors predisposing people to both early drinking and AUDs. Although the current study does not provide conclusive evidence that early drinking directly increases AUD risk, it suggests that it is premature to rule out the possibility of such a direct effect."
"By controlling for a variety of confounding risk factors in their analysis, Dawson and colleagues were able to demonstrate that ... early alcohol consumption itself, as a misguided choice or decision, is driving the relationship between early drinking and risk for development of later alcohol problems," observed Moss.
"We believe that impaired executive cognitive function (EGF) may lead to choices that favor the immediate pleasures of heavy drinking over avoiding the long-term risks of developing an AUD," said Dawson. "Impaired EGF would likely result from frequent and/or extremely heavy drinking at early ages, not from the simple fact of having initiated drinking at early ages. The big question is whether the impaired EGF preceded and led to the early drinking (and the increased risk of AUD), or whether the early drinking caused the impaired EGF."
These findings, she added, help build a body of research that will eventually help scientists deduce whether early drinking is a marker of high risk for AUD or a direct risk factor for AUD. "If the latter is true, it adds to the importance of preventing early drinking," she said. "Especially in light of the finding that the likelihood of developing these AUDs in adulthood is about 50 percent higher for persons who start drinking before 15 as for those who did not drink until 18 or older."
Moss agrees. "The data support the notion of delaying the onset of drinking behavior as late as possible as an important principle for the prevention of AUDs later in life," he said. "More specifically, these findings provide the scientific basis of those prevention programs that focus on decreasing underage drinking, as well as supporting those public-health policies that are geared towards the prevention of underage drinking."
Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research (ACER) is the official journal of the Research Society on Alcoholism and the International Society for Biomedical Research on Alcoholism. Co-authors of the ACER paper, "Age at First Drink and the First Incidence of Adult-Onset DSM-IV Alcohol Use Disorders," were: Ris?« B. Goldstein, S. Patricia Chou, W. June Ruan, and Bridget F. Grant of the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biometry in the Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. The study was funded by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, and the National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Source: NIAAA Press Office
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research
Results will be published in the December issue of Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research and are currently available at Early View.
"Some early drinkers become alcohol dependent while still in their teens, a time when those who have not yet started drinking are not even at risk of becoming dependent." explained Deborah A. Dawson, staff scientist at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) and corresponding author for the study. "By looking at adult-onset dependence, we can see for the first time that the association between early AFD and increased AUD risk ??¦ is not time limited, but rather persists into adulthood."
"In addition," said Howard B. Moss, associate director for Clinical and Translational Research at NIAAA, "this study controls for a variety of individual risk factors that could contribute to both early drinking behavior and later alcohol problems."
Researchers analyzed data from a three-year longitudinal study of U.S. drinkers 18 years of age and older at baseline (n=22,316). They examined associations between three groups of AFD - younger than 15, between 15 and 17, and 18 years of age or older - and first incidence of alcohol dependence, abuse, and specific AUD criteria as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition. They also controlled for duration of exposure, family history and a wide range of baseline and childhood risk factors.
"The key finding of this study was that people who started drinking before age 15, and to a lesser extent those who started drinking at ages 15 to 17, were more likely to become alcohol dependent as adults than people who waited until 18 or older to start drinking," said Dawson. "Past studies have often suggested that this association might result from common risk factors predisposing people to both early drinking and AUDs. Although the current study does not provide conclusive evidence that early drinking directly increases AUD risk, it suggests that it is premature to rule out the possibility of such a direct effect."
"By controlling for a variety of confounding risk factors in their analysis, Dawson and colleagues were able to demonstrate that ... early alcohol consumption itself, as a misguided choice or decision, is driving the relationship between early drinking and risk for development of later alcohol problems," observed Moss.
"We believe that impaired executive cognitive function (EGF) may lead to choices that favor the immediate pleasures of heavy drinking over avoiding the long-term risks of developing an AUD," said Dawson. "Impaired EGF would likely result from frequent and/or extremely heavy drinking at early ages, not from the simple fact of having initiated drinking at early ages. The big question is whether the impaired EGF preceded and led to the early drinking (and the increased risk of AUD), or whether the early drinking caused the impaired EGF."
These findings, she added, help build a body of research that will eventually help scientists deduce whether early drinking is a marker of high risk for AUD or a direct risk factor for AUD. "If the latter is true, it adds to the importance of preventing early drinking," she said. "Especially in light of the finding that the likelihood of developing these AUDs in adulthood is about 50 percent higher for persons who start drinking before 15 as for those who did not drink until 18 or older."
Moss agrees. "The data support the notion of delaying the onset of drinking behavior as late as possible as an important principle for the prevention of AUDs later in life," he said. "More specifically, these findings provide the scientific basis of those prevention programs that focus on decreasing underage drinking, as well as supporting those public-health policies that are geared towards the prevention of underage drinking."
Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research (ACER) is the official journal of the Research Society on Alcoholism and the International Society for Biomedical Research on Alcoholism. Co-authors of the ACER paper, "Age at First Drink and the First Incidence of Adult-Onset DSM-IV Alcohol Use Disorders," were: Ris?« B. Goldstein, S. Patricia Chou, W. June Ruan, and Bridget F. Grant of the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biometry in the Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. The study was funded by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, and the National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Source: NIAAA Press Office
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research
четверг, 19 мая 2011 г.
Call For Move Toward Street-Based Services Working With Young People On Their Own 'Territory' To Help Those At Risk Of Drugs Misuse
Current government programmes aimed at reducing drug and alcohol use among young people may be ineffective and may even be doing more harm than good, according to a paper published in Public Policy Research, the quarterly journal published by the Institute for Public Policy Research.
Street-based programmes, by contrast, which aim to engage with young people on their own 'territory', have the potential to be more effective in reaching the most at-risk young people and are also likely to be cheaper to operate.
The Connexions service, which launched in 2001, aims to provide advice, guidance, support and personal development opportunities for 13-19 year olds, focusing on the one-in ten young people 'not in education, employment or training' who are known to be most at risk of misusing drugs and alcohol.
Connexions advisers work with young people individually, in isolation from their friends and social networks. They are assessed on the numbers of young people with whom they have contact, and whether they progress to education, employment or training.
But Adam Fletcher and Chris Bonell, of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine's Centre for Research on Drugs and Health Behaviour, argue that Connexions is too target-driven and individually-focused, and that it may not be working. Current targets neglect outcomes such as young people's self-esteem, happiness and wellbeing, all of which are likely to be critical if lasting and meaningful change is to be achieved. And, crucially, the service fails to address the importance of peer pressure in influencing a young person's decision to misuse drugs and alcohol.
Perhaps most worrying, the authors cite research which indicates that centre-based youth work approaches may actually do more harm than good, by inadvertently introducing young people to peers engaged in frequent and heavy drug and alcohol use.
They call for more attention to be given to 'detached', street-based youth work, whereby youth workers meet and support young people away from youth centres or other buildings linked to the youth service, such as sports centres, and instead work with them on their own territory, on the streets, in parks, bus shelters and other places where they choose to meet and socialise.
The authors comment: 'Centre-based youth work programmes targeting individual young people are likely to have only limited success because they still largely ignore their social relationships and, in particular, the norms of their peer group. Once a young person is in contact with drug-using peers, such youth work responses are insufficient.
'Detached youth work, by contrast, has been shown to be more effective in reaching those young people most at risk. By working with young people in their existing friendship groups rather than by engineering new ones, detached youth workers can avoid the potentially harmful social network effects associated with centre-based youth work and avoid introducing young people to whole new networks of drug-using peers'.
Detached youth work could also be cheaper to deliver. Providing detached youth work for the 5% most deprived young people in the UK would cost around ??24 million a year, with coverage for the bottom 50% only ??142 million a year. This is far less than has been spent on the Connexions service (??450 million between 2001 and 2004 alone).
The authors conclude by cautioning that existing detached youth work projects are rigorously evaluated to assess their impact on young people's drug and alcohol misuse before any roll-out.
Source: Gemma Howe
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Street-based programmes, by contrast, which aim to engage with young people on their own 'territory', have the potential to be more effective in reaching the most at-risk young people and are also likely to be cheaper to operate.
The Connexions service, which launched in 2001, aims to provide advice, guidance, support and personal development opportunities for 13-19 year olds, focusing on the one-in ten young people 'not in education, employment or training' who are known to be most at risk of misusing drugs and alcohol.
Connexions advisers work with young people individually, in isolation from their friends and social networks. They are assessed on the numbers of young people with whom they have contact, and whether they progress to education, employment or training.
But Adam Fletcher and Chris Bonell, of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine's Centre for Research on Drugs and Health Behaviour, argue that Connexions is too target-driven and individually-focused, and that it may not be working. Current targets neglect outcomes such as young people's self-esteem, happiness and wellbeing, all of which are likely to be critical if lasting and meaningful change is to be achieved. And, crucially, the service fails to address the importance of peer pressure in influencing a young person's decision to misuse drugs and alcohol.
Perhaps most worrying, the authors cite research which indicates that centre-based youth work approaches may actually do more harm than good, by inadvertently introducing young people to peers engaged in frequent and heavy drug and alcohol use.
They call for more attention to be given to 'detached', street-based youth work, whereby youth workers meet and support young people away from youth centres or other buildings linked to the youth service, such as sports centres, and instead work with them on their own territory, on the streets, in parks, bus shelters and other places where they choose to meet and socialise.
The authors comment: 'Centre-based youth work programmes targeting individual young people are likely to have only limited success because they still largely ignore their social relationships and, in particular, the norms of their peer group. Once a young person is in contact with drug-using peers, such youth work responses are insufficient.
'Detached youth work, by contrast, has been shown to be more effective in reaching those young people most at risk. By working with young people in their existing friendship groups rather than by engineering new ones, detached youth workers can avoid the potentially harmful social network effects associated with centre-based youth work and avoid introducing young people to whole new networks of drug-using peers'.
Detached youth work could also be cheaper to deliver. Providing detached youth work for the 5% most deprived young people in the UK would cost around ??24 million a year, with coverage for the bottom 50% only ??142 million a year. This is far less than has been spent on the Connexions service (??450 million between 2001 and 2004 alone).
The authors conclude by cautioning that existing detached youth work projects are rigorously evaluated to assess their impact on young people's drug and alcohol misuse before any roll-out.
Source: Gemma Howe
London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Ban Advertising Of Cannabis Products, Says Charity On Tobacco Anniversary
Ban the advertising of all tobacco related products - including those used for smoking cannabis - mental health charity Rethink says on the fifth anniversary of the end of tobacco advertising.
The ban on tobacco advertising is thought to have played a major part in the reduction of smoking rates in Great Britain. In 2002, the year before the ban came into force, 26% of adults were cigarette smokers compared to 22% in 2006.
Rethink believes that a ban on all tobacco related products, including king-size rolling papers, could have a similar impact on cannabis rates - and reduce the number of people experiencing mental health problems as a result.
Jane Harris, Rethink's head of campaigns, said that it was not acceptable for tobacco products such as rolling papers to continue to be exempt from the advertising ban.
"Research has shown that more people think king-size rolling papers are used for cannabis than for tobacco. Given the mental health risks of using cannabis, along with the physical health risks of smoking, any tactics used to promote products such as these should be outlawed.
"More restrictive advertising guidelines would help to protect young people who are most at risk of developing mental illness as a result of cannabis use. It is time the government recognised the influence of advertising and made a decision on health grounds to widen the current tobacco advertising restrictions as part of a package of measures to tackle cannabis use."
1. On 14 February 2003, the Tobacco Advertising and Promotion Act 2002 came into force. It does not cover advertisements of rolling papers or filters.
2. Rethink carried out a survey. In response to the question: "In your experience which, if any, of the following do people use king size rolling papers for ?", 50% said cannabis and 49% said tobacco.
In the 25-34 age range this rose to 65% saying cannabis and 46% saying tobacco. To see the full findings go to rethink/educatingreefer
rethink
The ban on tobacco advertising is thought to have played a major part in the reduction of smoking rates in Great Britain. In 2002, the year before the ban came into force, 26% of adults were cigarette smokers compared to 22% in 2006.
Rethink believes that a ban on all tobacco related products, including king-size rolling papers, could have a similar impact on cannabis rates - and reduce the number of people experiencing mental health problems as a result.
Jane Harris, Rethink's head of campaigns, said that it was not acceptable for tobacco products such as rolling papers to continue to be exempt from the advertising ban.
"Research has shown that more people think king-size rolling papers are used for cannabis than for tobacco. Given the mental health risks of using cannabis, along with the physical health risks of smoking, any tactics used to promote products such as these should be outlawed.
"More restrictive advertising guidelines would help to protect young people who are most at risk of developing mental illness as a result of cannabis use. It is time the government recognised the influence of advertising and made a decision on health grounds to widen the current tobacco advertising restrictions as part of a package of measures to tackle cannabis use."
1. On 14 February 2003, the Tobacco Advertising and Promotion Act 2002 came into force. It does not cover advertisements of rolling papers or filters.
2. Rethink carried out a survey. In response to the question: "In your experience which, if any, of the following do people use king size rolling papers for ?", 50% said cannabis and 49% said tobacco.
In the 25-34 age range this rose to 65% saying cannabis and 46% saying tobacco. To see the full findings go to rethink/educatingreefer
rethink
среда, 18 мая 2011 г.
New Form Of Ketamine Treats Depression "Like Magic"
Most Popular Articles For Depression
These are the most read articles from this news category for the last 6 months:
Giving Up Smoking Linked To Greater Happiness And Elevated Mood
05 Dec 2010
It appears to be a myth that giving up smoking most likely makes you miserable. Brown University researchers found that those who were in the process of quitting smoking were never happier...
Being Born In Winter Affects Biological Clock, Influencing Neurological Disorder Risk
07 Dec 2010
Loneliness In Our Modern Age
04 Mar 2011
Gene Therapy For Major Depression Treatment Has Huge Potential
21 Oct 2010
Diabetes May Cause Depression, Depression Can Cause Diabetes
23 Nov 2010
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urchinTracker();
These are the most read articles from this news category for the last 6 months:
Giving Up Smoking Linked To Greater Happiness And Elevated Mood
05 Dec 2010
It appears to be a myth that giving up smoking most likely makes you miserable. Brown University researchers found that those who were in the process of quitting smoking were never happier...
Being Born In Winter Affects Biological Clock, Influencing Neurological Disorder Risk
07 Dec 2010
Loneliness In Our Modern Age
04 Mar 2011
Gene Therapy For Major Depression Treatment Has Huge Potential
21 Oct 2010
Diabetes May Cause Depression, Depression Can Cause Diabetes
23 Nov 2010
_uacct = "UA-849615-1";
urchinTracker();
Marijuana Incorporated (OTC: PCIO) Announces The Pending Patent Application For A True Cannabis Derived Remedy
Marijuana, Inc. (PINKSHEETS: PCIO) announces the pending application for a true cannabis derived remedy. Marijuana, Inc. intends to file a patent application as the owner of a cannabis-based capsule to be taken orally.
This formulation for pain management, one of the integral properties of cannabis, may help those suffering pain from a myriad of diseases. Formulator and inventor Reverend Dr. Douglas Van Dyke stated, "This Shamanistic blend of herbs has shown great promise for pain management treatment among a closed group of patients.
The probability of efficacy among a large control group is quite feasible and we welcome the opportunity to prove the formulation." Marijuana Incorporated has several other planned patent applications waiting to be filed including a topical lotion.
Source:
Marijuana Incorporated
This formulation for pain management, one of the integral properties of cannabis, may help those suffering pain from a myriad of diseases. Formulator and inventor Reverend Dr. Douglas Van Dyke stated, "This Shamanistic blend of herbs has shown great promise for pain management treatment among a closed group of patients.
The probability of efficacy among a large control group is quite feasible and we welcome the opportunity to prove the formulation." Marijuana Incorporated has several other planned patent applications waiting to be filed including a topical lotion.
Source:
Marijuana Incorporated
вторник, 17 мая 2011 г.
Direct Link Found Between Alcohol Sponsorship And Hazardous Drinking Among Sportspeople
Commenting on a new report by the University of Manchester that finds a direct link between alcohol sponsorship in the sports industry and hazardous drinking among sportspeople, Professor Ian Gilmore, President of the Royal College of Physicians and chair of the UK Alcohol Health Alliance said:
"This study, undertaken in a country with a similar sports and drinking culture to our own, gives the stark messages that hazardous drinking, common in sport, is seen more when the individual or club is sponsored by the drinks industry. Providing discounted or free alcoholic drinks was the worst offender. Alcohol producers and retailers have worked long and hard to align themselves to the positive and healthy image of sport, and we now have evidence that this is not only proving effective but also potentially damaging to those that participate. Some countries like France have already banned alcohol-related sports sponsorship and it is time we had that debate in the UK"
Royal College of Physicians
"This study, undertaken in a country with a similar sports and drinking culture to our own, gives the stark messages that hazardous drinking, common in sport, is seen more when the individual or club is sponsored by the drinks industry. Providing discounted or free alcoholic drinks was the worst offender. Alcohol producers and retailers have worked long and hard to align themselves to the positive and healthy image of sport, and we now have evidence that this is not only proving effective but also potentially damaging to those that participate. Some countries like France have already banned alcohol-related sports sponsorship and it is time we had that debate in the UK"
Royal College of Physicians
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